English Grammar and Functions: by a non-native, for the non-native

Author:Vladimir Skenderoff
Language: eng
Format: mobi
Published: 2017-05-28T07:00:00+00:00

CUE: was/were ~ing, When, While

FUNCTION: a continuous action in the past is interrupted by another (WHEN) or is happening at the same time as (WHILE)

Present Perfect

Past Simple & Present Perfect: ancestor = an animal that lived in the past, that modern animals have developed from

Present Simple & Present Perfect: kickoff = the time when a game of football starts, or it begins again after it has stopped because of a goal, etc.

Have + Past Participle

The Present Perfect Tense, the fourth major grammatical structure, is the most complex one:

I have lived in America. (live/lived/lived)

My mother has never been to Japan. (be/was/been)

Have you run a full marathon? (run/ran/run)

Wikipedia says that analogous forms are found in some European languages like Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, German, etc. My native Bulgarian has something similar to Present Perfect, but Russian, as far as I know, doesn’t. Japanese has something similar to Present Perfect but not quite the same and according to Google University, Korean doesn’t have that grammatical structure.

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